The wisdom of friendship has existed since ancient times. In Chapter 45 of the Dao De Jing, Laozi, with profound insight, reveals five types of beneficial friends who may seem “flawed” on the surface but actually possess extraordinary qualities. They do not seek fame or show off, yet they can provide guidance at critical moments and exert a subtle, positive influence in daily interactions. Recognizing and befriending these five types of people is undoubtedly a valuable asset in life.

1. The Person of “Great Perfection Seems Incomplete”: The Dedicated Pursuer of Excellence

• Core Traits: Achieves remarkable success in a particular field but may appear “awkward” or imperfect in daily life or social niceties, such as a focused scholar or artisan.

• Value of Friendship: Their spirit of extreme dedication and perseverance in their work is powerfully infectious, inspiring those around them to strive for depth and excellence.

2. The Person of “Great Fullness Seems Empty”: The Wise One with Humility

• Core Traits: Profoundly knowledgeable and talented, yet never ostentatious, appearing ordinary or even “empty” on the surface.

• Value of Friendship: Like a deep, calm current, they remain inconspicuous normally. But when you need advice or face a crossroads, they can always offer profound and unique insights, serving as a reliable “lighthouse” in life.

3. The Person of “Great Straightness Seems Bent”: The Resilient Adherent to Principle

• Core Traits: Outwardly adaptable or compromising, but inwardly steadfast in righteousness and principle. When the time is ripe, they will not hesitate to stand up and correct what is wrong.

• Value of Friendship: They demonstrate true resilience and courage. Their philosophy of being outwardly gentle yet inwardly strong, coupled with their sense of responsibility at key moments, can bring you powerful positive energy and a sense of security.

4. The Person of “Great Skill Seems Clumsy”: The Action-Oriented Master of Simplicity

• Core Traits: Deeply rooted in an ordinary position, their skill has reached a sublime level yet appears simple and unadorned, like the “Old Oil Seller” from the parable.

• Value of Friendship: They embody the power of “perseverance” and “focus.” From them, you can learn the wisdom of perfecting simple tasks and the philosophy of life derived from ordinary work.

5. The Person of “Great Eloquence Seems Reticent”: The Discerning Thinker Who Acts Prudently

• Core Traits: Truly understanding and skilled in discernment, they are often in no rush to argue, speaking cautiously or even appearing “taciturn.”

• Value of Friendship: They see issues clearly and can express themselves in a way that hits the core and resonates deeply. Befriending them helps you stay clear-minded, avoid drifting through life, and often provides enlightening “wake-up calls.”

These five types of people together form the “map of beneficial friends” in Laozi’s wisdom. They do not please others with appearances but nurture others with profound substance and genuine character. If you can identify and cherish such friends in life, your path will undoubtedly benefit immensely.